India has done remarkably well in its transition to low-carbon energy. In the last eight years, the country has managed to increase its non-fossil fuel capacity by 396%, including large hydro. The country has already achieved its target of securing 40 percent of installed electric capacity from renewable and non-fossil fuels and ranks 4th globally for total renewable power capacity additions. The Government’s commitment at COP26 of reaching 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy by is another step in the right direction. However, while the Government focuses on renewable energy, it will need to ensure a stable grid to truly reap the benefits of this investment. This calls for the adaptation of hybrid energy systems, which combine two or more renewable energy sources with storage solutions to improve the balance and reliability of energy supply.

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In India, solar output is highest from around noon to afternoon, while wind output tends to be high early in the morning and late in the evening. The nationwide demand for power, on the other hand, peaks from evening till midnight and cannot be met by either wind or solar alone. However, if some of the energy from renewable generation hours can be stored and subsequently released into the grid during peak demand time, the varying levels of demand throughout the day can be easily met. Hybrid renewable energy systems do exactly that. They can be of different types: solar-wind; hydro-wind; biomass-wind-fuel call; solar-induced hybrid fuel cell from biomass; a combination of solar, wind, biomass, and hydrogen; or any other. Storage, on the other hand, could be batteries, pumped hydro, or mechanical storage.

According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the installed capacity of solar energy in India, as of May , stood at 67.82 GW while that of wind energy was 43.19 GW. India is aiming to achieve renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by , most of it through solar and wind energy. Against this backdrop, wind-solar hybrid projects are gaining interest from all stakeholders in the power sector. This is because, one, wind-solar hybrid projects entail lower effective costs as compared to standalone solar or wind projects. Two, they achieve better transmission efficiency than either of the two. Three, they use land and transmission infrastructure more efficiently, which reduces capital costs and translates into a decrease in tariff for consumers. Four, the Distribution Companies can better plan their demand since the hybrid project would offer power almost round the clock.

Energy generation and transmission is one half of the picture. The other half is storage.

The costs of energy storage systems, in general, have been steadily declining in recent years, and Lithium-ion batteries have reached a point where they can be commercially viable for grid applications. They have the added advantage of being light in weight and having high energy density, which makes them ideally suited for use in electric vehicles and electronic devices. India’s push for electric mobility thus augurs well, in a way, for the renewable energy sector because the Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles can be used as storage systems for renewable energy. There are, however, certain prerequisites for such a scenario – the “smartening” of the power grid with intelligent technologies; the availability of a nationwide charging network for electric vehicles; the seamless integration of this charging network with the power grid to allow bidirectional flow of power; and the implementation of stringent regulations and controls.

Undoubtedly, as battery storage gets cheaper, solar-wind hybrid projects will become increasingly feasible. Once the economics of such hybrid systems to provide schedulable and firm power become competitive with those of coal-fired power plants, they will become a viable, environment-friendly, inflation-proof means of meeting future baseload power requirements.

While solar and wind energy are poised to account for a major share of the emerging renewable energy mix, biomass and hydrogen will play important supporting roles, as will technologies like gasification and waste-to-energy. As India works towards its medium-to-long-term renewable energy goals, alternative energy sources and renewable hybrids will constitute a significant part of the energy mix.

India’s ambitious developmental goals for the coming decades hinge significantly on how it addresses its growing energy demand. During the recently concluded G20 summit, India’s Prime Minister announced the Global Biofuel Alliance and highlighted the role of biofuels in securing the energy future of developing nations. Biofuels that are derived from biomass to produce energy have the potential to accelerate India’s energy transition by providing clean energy and reducing the nation’s reliance on fossil fuels. The rapidly growing demand for power in India underlines the need for robust power grids and flexible energy sources. The integration of biofuels or bioenergy into the energy mix will help in meeting this need, besides offering the added benefits of reducing carbon footprint and catalysing socioeconomic development in many parts of the country. 

Bioenergy unlocking the potential of decentralised energy

Bioenergy can help India transition to decentralised energy systems. It can be used to supplement renewable sources in making three-tier cities as well as rural villages self-reliant. India’s predominantly centralised power grid grapples with challenges related to power availability and reliability in many regions. High transmission and distribution losses, coupled with aged infrastructure and adverse weather conditions, can disrupt power quality and supply in rural areas. While grid connectivity and rural electrification have improved, enhancing power quality, availability, reliability, and affordability for rural communities and businesses remains crucial. With nearly two-thirds of India’s population residing in rural areas, reliable decentralised energy solutions are essential to unlocking their growth potential.

In line with this, Decentralised Renewable Energy (DRE) systems have great potential to alleviate poverty; promote good health and wellbeing; enable access to education and healthcare; and catalyse sustainable economic growth. The establishment of decentralised power stations, and the provision, installation, and maintenance of related equipment and appliances can create entrepreneurship and employment opportunities on several fronts. 

The DRE system could be of any type – solar, wind (or, even better, a wind-solar hybrid), or biomass or biofuel-based. Biofuel is a low-hanging fruit. India’s agriculture sector generates huge amounts of biomass every year, which can be used directly as biofuel or processed to produce other biofuels such as ethanol, bio-CNG, and biogas. Solar energy is the most logical and viable option in a country like ours where sunshine is plentifully available for most of the year in most parts of the country. Power producers and power distributors should also consider investing in wind-solar hybrid projects, which offer several benefits over standalone solar and wind projects in terms of cost, efficiency, and resource utilisation. 

DRE projects, by and large, are cost-effective. A World Bank report last year stated that off-grid solutions were among the most economical solutions for providing energy to unelectrified rural regions across the world. Moreover, the installation of DRE systems and mini grids is much easier and quicker as compared to that of conventional power plants. And although DRE projects tend to be relatively more labour-intensive, it is more of a positive than a drawback because it boosts rural employment. From an environmental standpoint, the use of DRE systems and electrical appliances for cooking and lighting can greatly improve indoor air quality and reduce greenhouse emissions. 

Making DRE central to achieving 500 GW of renewable energy

Despite their obvious benefits, DRE projects haven’t quite gained the kind of traction one would have liked. This is because most decentralised projects are small-sised while investors and policymakers tend to focus more on large, scalable projects. The reluctance of investors is understandable; investments in several small projects can lead to an increase in administrative and monitoring costs. Aggregating projects and using digital technologies to monitor them could be one of the ways to make DRE projects attractive for investors. 

DRE projects may be standalone at the time of establishment, but they need to be assimilated into the existing state-and-national-level distribution infrastructure at some point. The integration of DRE mini grids with the national grid entails some technical challenges. However, these can be addressed by developing standards to define how the grids will interact with each other and to ensure interoperability between them. 

DRE projects can accelerate India’s progress towards its target of installing 500 GW of renewable-energy capacity by . The small size and easy installation of DRE projects, combined with the fact that they enable power generation close to the point of consumption, improve reach and affordability and reduce losses. DRE systems also strengthen the resilience of communities in the face of natural disasters as mini grids can be restored very quickly even if they get disrupted. 

DRE thus ticks several important boxes from a developmental perspective – making energy accessible and inclusive for all; spurring rural employment and enterprise; enabling the delivery of education and healthcare services; and strengthening the foundations of the clean energy grid that India is aiming for. DRE is a worthy goal for a country like ours, which has both the resources and the demand for it.

A global energy transition is underway, and India is making steady progress towards a greener, more sustainable future. While the discourse on renewable energy centers around solar and wind power, it has become apparent that we also need to find clean and efficient fuel alternatives for industrial processes, transportation, and households. India needs to adopt a multi-fuel strategy to drive socioeconomic growth and sustainable development, and Thermax is well-positioned to help commercial and industrial establishments do exactly that. 

Thermax, with its integrated energy and environment solutions, is helping India unlock the energy potential of Bio-CNG, Green Hydrogen, coal gasification, waste-to-energy, and waste heat recovery. Enabling the energy transition calls for the collective efforts of stakeholders across multiple sectors. Cognizant of the importance of policy alignment and industry participation, Thermax collaborates with farmers, municipal bodies, businesses, and other concerned stakeholders to commercialise the production of clean fuels. The company offers technologies, solutions, and services to support the multi-fuel strategy it champions. 

Biofuels, such as Bio-CNG: India’s agriculture sector generates hundreds of tonnes of crop residue and biomass every year, which can be used to produce biofuels. Compressed biogas, or bio-CNG, is one of them. Its calorific value and other qualities are similar to those of compressed natural gas (CNG). Both agricultural waste and municipal waste can serve as raw material for bio-CNG production. CNG-powered vehicles can run on bio-CNG without any change in design. In rural areas, bio-CNG can power tractors and other agricultural equipment. Thermax’s offerings in the bioenergy space include Bioenergen, an advanced and highly efficient organic biodegradable waste processing plant that produces high-yield biogas. The residue can be used as nutrient-rich fertilizer. Meanwhile, Thermax Onsite Energy Solutions Limited – our wholly owned subsidiary – manages the supply chain of various biofuels across India.

Green Hydrogen: With applications spanning energy storage, emission control, and transportation, Green Hydrogen is a versatile and clean energy solution. Thermax recently ventured to explore green hydrogen projects, including new manufacturing facilities, in India. Thermax is also aligned to the Indian government’s National Green Hydrogen Mission and ammonia/hydrogen policies. 

Coal Gasification: Thermax believes that coal gasification has great potential to strengthen India’s energy security and reduce foreign exchange outflow. India has the fourth-highest coal reserves in the world, albeit with higher ash content. To address this challenge, Thermax collaborated with IIT Delhi to develop a gasification technique suitable for Indian coal. Their efforts yielded a state-of-the-art gasifier conceptualised, designed, and installed in Pune. With it, the syngas or flue gas produced from coal gasification can be utilised to produce ethanol, methanol, and various downstream chemicals. Thermax aims to bring this technology up to commercial scale. 

Waste to Energy: Thermax’s waste-to-energy initiatives transform waste materials into valuable energy resources, thus promoting a circular economy and contributing to energy security. One such project, in collaboration with a German customer, has received the prestigious ‘German Renewables Award’. It involves converting 320,000 tonnes of waste into energy through controlled incineration. The initiative saves over 100,000 tonnes of CO2 and supplies almost 10 percent of Hamburg’s district heating needs. 

Waste Heat Recovery: Thermax provides equipment and steam generation solutions encompassing the combustion of different solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, and the recovery of heat from turbine/engine exhaust and industrial processes. With its steam boilers, thermal oil heaters, hot water generators, thermosyphons, waste heat recovery units, Thermax optimizes energy consumption and improves overall industrial efficiency. All these outcomes are in line with India’s national goals of minimizing energy waste and promoting sustainable industrial practices.

With its strong commitment to pioneering clean technologies and responsible practices, Thermax’s business goals are aligned to India’s energy transition goals. The company continues to work closely with its customers and technology partners to help industries minimize their environmental impact. A multi-fuel approach will accelerate progress in this direction and go a long way towards powering sustainable growth for our businesses, people, and country.

The ongoing global efforts to limit global warming call for minimizing the use of energy sources whose production or consumption produces greenhouse gases. A report published in by UNOPS, UNEP and the University of Oxford stated that infrastructure was responsible for 79 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions and was therefore a priority sector for climate action. McKinsey estimates that infrastructure assets in emission-heavy industries such as power, transportation, and buildings, account for almost half the capex required to meet net-zero targets. A variety of solutions are being evaluated or developed for achieving carbon neutrality by . One of these is hydrogen, especially green hydrogen. Depending on how it is produced, hydrogen is termed as being grey, blue, or green. Of these, green hydrogen can be produced in an environment-friendly manner, by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable electricity or by utilizing biomass to generate hydrogen through a microbial decomposition or gasification-based process.

Hydrogen is very versatile – it can be used as a means of energy storage; as a fuel; or as a raw material in industrial processes. One of the key applications of green hydrogen is decarbonization of “hard to abate” industrial sectors where direct electrification is not easily possible. Sectors such as refineries, fertilizers, etc. where hydrogen is used as a feedstock for the process will need green hydrogen to decarbonize their operations. . Hydrogen can also be used to power fuel cells, where it converts the chemical energy of the fuel cell into electricity, without combustion. Fuel cells can be used greening of heavy duty transportation vehicles where batteries are not suitable. These vehicles can be supported by network of hydrogen refueling stations which are based on decentralized hydrogen generation, which in remote locations can be through locally available biomass by utilizing biomass to hydrogen technologies. Replacement of natural gas with green hydrogen in sectors such as steel, city gas distribution, glass, ceramics etc. will not only help in reducing the carbon footprint, but also help is making India energy independent as we import 46% of our total natural gas consumption.

Both government and industry acknowledge green hydrogen as an important enabler of a net-zero economy. In January , the Union Cabinet approved initial outlay if INR Cr for the National Green Hydrogen Mission with the objective of making India a global hub for the production, usage, and export of green hydrogen and its derivatives. Of the total outlay INR Cr is dedicated for incentives towards electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production which should help in enabling adequate supply. There is equal push from states to promote adoption of green hydrogen with various states announcing incentives on capex, electricity charges, banking and land related charges through respective green hydrogen policies over and above the incentives available under central government schemes.

The National Green Hydrogen Mission needs to be complemented with a time-bound, stepwise roadmap for its implementation. The government can help in developing the market through mandates of green hydrogen purchase for sectors that are already using hydrogen.. Any hesitancy on the part of the private sector to invest in an early-stage technology like hydrogen can be addressed, to a large extent, by offering near-term demand certainty. Such demand visibility will help India achieve scale in electrolyser manufacturing to cater to its own demand as well as to serve export markets. Current international estimates peg India’s electrolyser manufacturing capacity to reach 9-10 GW by . This will help green hydrogen confidently and quickly traverse the cost reduction curve.Wide-scale adoption will almost be a certainty once economies of scale are achieved. With cost parity with grey hydrogen expected to be achieved by , green hydrogen can then be used to decarbonize other sectors such as mobility, chemicals, aviation and new applications such as production of green fuels (ethanol/methanol).

Green hydrogen has potential to greatly reduce carbon dioxide emission and yield huge savings on energy imports in the coming decades. Moreover, it will bolster India’s energy security, which, in turn, will reduce the volatility of price inputs for Indian industries and strengthen India’s foreign exchange health. India has announced ambitions infrastructure projects that will be rolled out over the coming years and decades. This implies an increase in the output of heavy industries. There is also a very strong focus on expanding the country’s renewable energy capacity manifold. These goals, coupled with the policy direction we are seeing, augur well for the hydrogen ecosystem in India. Green hydrogen, on its part, will make our industries more sustainable than before and improve the feasibility of future expansion. It will be a virtuous cycle once it gets going, which we should hope will be soon.

In a stride towards sustainable district heating solutions, Thermax has achieved a significant breakthrough in Germany. This milestone unfolded with the successful installation of three THP S1 H2 single-effect steam-fired heat pumps at a district heating plant in Borsigstraße, as part of its waste to energy project.

These heat pumps form the core of the nationwide unique project, which has already been awarded the ‘German Renewables Award ’. This innovative project notably increases the efficiency of heat generation from waste for the waste recycling plant and thus makes a further major contribution to heat transition in Hamburg.

Michael Pollmann, State Councillor of the Authority for the Environment, Climate Protection, Energy and Agriculture (BUKEA) and Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Siechau, Managing Director of Stadtreinigung Hamburg (SRH) were present when the three absorption heat pumps from Thermax were installed. They appreciated the project and emphasised MVB’s optimised waste heat usage for Hamburg’s climate goals.

A pioneering move in the heat transition in Hamburg, this will save 1,04,000 tonnes of CO2 annuaIly. This development positions the project as one of the major providers of eco-friendly energy for the city, without resorting to additional waste as fuel. With this expansion, an extra 350,000 MWh/a of heat will be incorporated into the performance network of Hamburger Energiewerke. This significant increase will allow for the provision of climate-neutral and secure heat to approximately 35,000 more households in Hamburg, derived from the waste recycling process.

The project is a significant milestone, especially crucial in times of volatile market prices for fossil fuels.

Steam Applications

Steam Plasma Applications

Steam Generator Models from MHI
Learn about Steam Generation

Introduction

High-temperature steam is essential across various industries for its efficiency and versatility. This guide covers critical applica tions and benefits of high-temperature steam, focusing on the advantages of MHI’s MightySteam® and OAB® Electric Steam Generators, for comfort heating, energy generation, chemical processes and biomass/fuels energy to antibacterial uses.

Critical Advantages of Electric High-Temperature Steam

• Compactness:  Compare typical 1 m x 1 m x 1 m (1 cubic meter)  electric steam generator vs. a typical one ton/h fossil fuel boiler plant at ~7 m x3 m x 4 m (84 cubic meter) (please note that these are approximate comparison – please request exact specifications from various manufacturers).
• There is limited piping required for an electric steam generator. Beyond the boiler, a complete steam plant requires various auxiliary components like feed water tank, deaerators, blowdown separator, circulator pumps, and controls. each needing dedicated space , re-circulator pumps, and valve controls many of such requirements not applicable to steam generators.  Economizers (for heat recovery from flue gas) and superheaters (to increase steam temperature) can significantly impact the overall layout and size.
• Superior Steam Generation Capability: 
  • Instant Start-up and shutdown (compared to days with fossil fuel boilers)
  • Significant improvement in energy conversion to steam (compare 50% to 95%).
  • Reduce the carbon footprint to zero for steam generation through deep decarbonization. Eliminate GHGs. Monitor load on the HMI display.
  • Water Savings.
  • There are readily available optimization choices for electric steam generators, such as variable flow rate, variable temperature, set pulse rate, and more.
• Superior Heat Transfer: Steam carries more heat than air or water, improving process efficiency. Electric steam generators offer up to 800C or more instant steam for 100 kg/hr or more, an instant steam delivery method.
• Energy Efficiency: Electric steam generators convert energy with over 95% efficiency, unlike fossil fuel heaters, which have higher energy losses.
• Low Operational Costs: High-temperature steam is cost-effective, reducing energy consumption and improving process efficiency.
• Antimicrobial Properties: Dry, high-temperature steam is effective in sterilizing and disinfecting, and it is practical in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries.
• High Temperatures:  Steam at high temperatures is better for many processes than boiler-produced saturated steam.
• Lightweight: Steam generators are lighter than boilers because they do not require Psat and Tsat coupling.
• Safety: Atmospheric steam generators are not prone to explosions. Distributed on-off steam generators can be employed to cut down on expensive and efficiency-reducing piping.
• The price of high-temperature steam equipment and operational costs are often much lower than those of fossil fuel steam boilers.
• Discharge steam can be used to cool water with steam jet cooling.

High-quality dry steam (compared to saturated steam from a typical pressure boiler) results in high productivity. Process speed and energy efficiency generally improve substantially with increased steam temperature.

Burner-based (fossil fuel) systems do not convert heat energy as efficiently as electric heaters, which operate at over 95% efficiency. Fossil fuel-burning heaters are low efficiency because heat is lost through the exhaust and several other radiative losses. To account for these losses, gas-fired heating systems are typically oversized for the heat demand duty. Start-up, turn-down, and shutdown are all processes that take time and reduce operational efficiency. In some cases, facilities will install multiple boilers at reduced capacity to compensate for the significant loss in efficiency at low loads. This is not the case for electric heating; the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) can respond to dynamic loads with a rapid heat response time and improve overall energy usage and efficiency.

The company is the world’s best 0.5 Ton Gas Steam Generator(ru,fr,tl) supplier. We are your one-stop shop for all needs. Our staff are highly-specialized and will help you find the product you need.

High-temperature steam is used for R&D, Clean Pharmaceuticals, Food Security and Cleanliness, Oxidation, Process Chemical Applications, Pathogen Control, Climate Mitigation, Ore conversion (e.g., bauxite or lithium), and general-use utility steam applications. Low-pressure, high-temperature steam enhances safety in applications that previously required high-pressure boilers.

Is it time to move from inefficient boiler steam to modern energy-saving steam generators? Yes, because it saves energy, water, and time. It also offers flexibility and decoupling of temperature up from 100°C-°C, instant steam generation, and dial-in variability of the steam amount.

MightySteam® Products (Industrial and R&D Use)

MigthySteam® Controlled Humidity Products  (Commercial Use)

A high energy efficiency and decarbonized modern economy has low greenhouse gas emissions. Electric heating methods allow for such decarbonization. Almost a third of the global CO2 emissions come from industrial combustion heating. These emissions can be quickly reduced to zero CO2 and NOx emissions with high energy-efficiency steam generators.

To meet high-temperature high-quality dry steam requirements, several enhanced designs and energy-efficient process applications with such steam have recently become possible. Steam is made instantly by the efficient MHI steam generators – the lowest-cost method for making  high-temperature steam – MightySteam ®, Mighty Steam Plasma and Airtorch®.

Modern electric steam generators (shown on the left) have replaced old-style pressure boilers and heat exchangers (shown on the right).

Steam generators can now efficiently produce high-quality steam. The MightySteam® and OAB® Electric Steam Generator products offer increased energy efficiency, lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/pollutants, and decreased water use.

Compact, energy-efficient, versatile, and high productivity for clean steam.

Click here for a Brief Introduction to Steam and Humidity.

Click here for a Brief History of Steam Generators.

Worker Safety

For Paint Removal (click here), use SanZiap -4  or HGA-M

How powerful is steam? “The steam disinfection system rapidly killed various pathogenic microorganisms; all tested pathogens were completely inactivated within 5 seconds”. “American Journal of Infection Control).    In contrast, spraying or fumigation disinfectant is not recommended (click). UV suffers from line-of-sight drawbacks and other radiation issues.

“We “are worried about using these (chemical) cleaners so often. The fumes and odors are terrible. I am worried about what we will discover about this exposure ten or twenty years from now….”. “medical Service Provider, Ohio, USA. Using steam generators that offer chemical-free steam above the inversion temperature is best.

The water activity (partial pressure of H2O) for food items containing bacteria is often high. Only very high-quality superheated steam should be used for rapid bacterial elimination. Superheated steam can quickly offer 3-log to higher efficacy within seconds. See Journal of Food Control, Vol. 125, .

Examples where H2O is a process chemical:

Hydrogen is used to manufacture ammonia, acids, petrochemicals, and fuel (including fuel cells). The United States alone produces more than 10 million tons of hydrogen annually. The following examples are for steam reactions that are possible in hydrogen manufacture.

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇔ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
From known thermodynamic tables, Kc at 500C for this reaction is 5.218E+002, which implies that plenty of H2 is made at this temperature, i.e., t; the forward reaction is favored. Concentrations of Fe and Fe3O4 are omitted when calculating Kp. Although the gas concentration can have various values depending on partial pressure, the concentration of a pure solid or a pure liquid is constant at a given temperature. The concentration of liquid solvent is usually omitted as well. For the reaction of iron with steam, you would write  Kp=PH24/PH2O4 and get the PH2 value.   The reaction 2Fe + 3H2O(g) = Fe2O3 + 3H2(g) does not go forward above 600C.    The reaction Fe + H2O(g)= FeO + H2(g) is very weak by C as is the 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇔ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) reaction. It is important to find the highest temperature where the reaction remains favorable and shows the best kinetics to make hydrogen with such reactions.

A more commonly employed reaction for making hydrogen is the methane steam reforming reaction (MSR), CH4 + 2H2O ⇔ CO2 + 4H2, for commercial bulk hydrogen production. Steam Reforming can be thought to occur in two steps, namely:
CH4 + H2O ⇔CO + 3H2 [ΔH = +206 kJ/mol]
CO + H2O ⇔ CO2 + H2 [ΔH = -41 kJ/mol]
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CH4 + 2H2O–> CO2 + 4H2 [ΔH = +165 kJ mol-1] is Endothermic, requiring high temperature for more significant and faster conversion. This reaction can be favorably manipulated with OAB(R) high-temperature steam.

Carbon or silica can react with high-temperature steam, which is sometimes used to produce hydrogen or other compounds and mixtures.

For example C(s) + H₂O(g) = CO(g) + H₂(g)  AG= -17.6 kK/mol at 800C.

Steam/Water is an essential chemical in photosynthesis to make sugar or sugar-like compounds.

Although written in a simple reaction manner (6CO2 +6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2), the reaction is quite complex. This reaction, called photosynthesis, occurs in plants with the help of sunlight (photons) and uses chlorophyll in the plant cell chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are small molecular objects that have particular functions in a cell. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and some other cellular organisms. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture photons and store the energy of the photons in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH, all the while releasing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle. This cycle requires trapping sunlight energy during a part of the cycle. Ongoing e-ion and OAB research are directed at using photons and electrons to possibly simulate and aid the sugar synthesis or sequester the CO2. However, the research is at a very early stage. 

Use steam sterilization for:

• Culture media
• Flammable and heat-sensitive items
• Liquids
• Dense loads
• Cyclic steam bursts.

This page is helpful for personnel who identify with climate innovation, sustainability, decarbonization, clean energy, or are considered to be Circular Economy Specialists, Decarbonization Specialists, Energy Specialists, Climate Change Specialists, Energy Efficiency Engineers, Carbon Reduction Specialists, Clean Energy Specialists, or Sustainability Managers.

In a curious application where electrical heating of steam leads to better generation the pressure inlet into a turbine is nominally P=K(SQRT(G)) where P is the turbine inlet pressure (MPa g), G is the turbine inlet steam flow (tons/h), and K is a constant of 8–10.  If steam pressure is raised without raising inlet temperature, the wetness fraction of the low-pressure (LP) turbine increases, which results in wetness loss increase at the Low-Pressure (LP)  turbine. When wetness fraction of the LP turbine becomes 8%–12%, the countermeasure against drain erosion to the long blade of the LP turbine is required. In that case, it is more effective to simultaneously raise the inlet temperature together with the inlet pressure increase.

 Steam For Fuel From Waste

Waste to Fuel with MHI Products

Use of Syngas – tunable manufacture with MHI Products.

Extremely high yields. Impact the environment with MHI Products.

Productivity vs. Temperature PDF

Design with GHGA or OAB® Steam and Hybrid Tunnels. THE GHGA can provide high-temperature steam up to 900C (can be set as required), pressure can be automatically adjusted, and steam rate can be changed.

Tunnel Design from the High-Temperature Leader

for Shrink-Wrap, Clean for Removing Bacteria or Condition Cotton Textiles

Feeding into SWE machine. Adding moisture to cotton fiber or shrink-wrap CPG.

Cotton fibers improve their integrity with moisture. The SWE machine with the steam tunnel is easily able to do this.

Save electrical usage. Paying 25¢ per bottle? Check out if the OAB steam tunnel can reduce to 2¢.

Download Brochure.

Compare the OAB to:Fire Tube BoilersWater Tube BoilerIndustrial BoilerGas Steam Boiler

Gasification:   Gasification is the conversion of waste materials in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen – a thermochemical process. Steam, or the oxygen in the air, is reacted at high temperatures with the available carbon in the waste material to produce gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane. Gasification processes produce “syngas” (hydrogen and carbon monoxide), which generate electrical power. Thermal gasification of the waste materials allows the production of gaseous fuel that can be easily collected and transported. Gasification typically takes place at temperatures from 750-°C.

Pyrolysis: This is a thermal process similar to the gasification above, which involves the thermal degradation of organic waste without free oxygen to produce combustible gases. Pyrolysis uses heat to break down organic materials without oxygen, e.g., with steam heating to C. Materials suitable for pyrolysis processing include coal, animal and human waste, food scraps, paper, cardboard, plastics, and rubber. The pyrolytic process produces oil which can be used as a synthetic bio-diesel fuel or refined to make other valuable products. Sometimes the byproduct of pyrolysis is a fine-grained bio-charcoal called “biochar,” which retains most of the carbon and nutrients contained in biomass and can be used as a soil enhancement to increase soil productivity. During Pyrolisis, volatile gases are released from dry biomass at temperatures up to about 700C. These gases are non-condensable vapors such as CH4, CO, CO2, and H2, and condensable-vapor of tar at the ambient temperature.   Cellulose can break down into Char, H2O, CO2, and methane.

Combustion: Use the Airtorch+Steam combination for a clean, most common, and well-proven thermal process using various waste fuels. Municipal and household waste is directly combusted in large waste-to-energy incinerators as a fuel with minimal processing, known as mass burning. Combustion can be with a solid, liquid, or gas reactant with oxidation. The Boudouard reaction (solid combustion) is stable above 700C to eliminate CO2 because  CO2(g) + C = 2CO(g). Above 700C, one can use CO(g) as a reductant for oxides, as is done for iron oxide reduction. Link to MHI Fluidized Bed Designs.

Digestion: Landfills are the primary disposal method of municipal solid waste; if left undisturbed, landfill waste produces significant amounts of gaseous byproducts, mainly carbon dioxide and combustible methane (CH4).   This landfill gas or biogas is produced by the (oxygen-free) anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Treatment by steam is often recommended for the elimination of certain harmful bacteria. Anaerobic digestion to produce biogas can naturally have a landfill gas or be inside a controlled environment like a biogas digester. A digester is a warmed, sealed, airless container where bacteria ferment an organic material such as liquid and semi-solid slurries, animal wastes, and manures in oxygen-free conditions for biogas. An advantage of anaerobic digestion for converting waste to energy fuel is that it employs semi-solid or wet waste. This is usually a small-scale operation. The biogas produced can be burned in a conventional gas boiler to produce heat or as fuel in a gas engine to generate electricity or fuel some farm vehicles.

Fermentation: Fermentation uses various microorganisms and yeasts to produce liquid ethanol, a type of alcohol, from biomass and bio-waste materials. The conversion of waste to energy by fermentation requires a series of chemical reactions to produce ethanol biofuel. Here steam can be directly introduced for rapid kinetics. Multiple reactions occur. The first reaction is called hydrolysis, which converts organic materials into sugars. The sugars can then be fermented (similar to making alcohol) to make dilute ethanol, which is then further distilled to produce biofuel ethanol.

Waste to Fuel reactions can also be considered, and there is a push to make liquid fuels using many responses. The focus of these reactions has changed because of the CO2 and CH4 greenhouse problems. Ask MHI about simulated photosynthesis and flavor reactions. Click for sample nano-catalyst coupons.

Waste to $-Fuels

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