What types of battery are used in emergency lighting?

A variety of different battery types are used in emergency lighting. The main types are:

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• Lead acid. These were commonly used till recently in self-contained emergency lighting fixtures, such as a twinspot, and are still widely used in central battery systems. Outside these specific applications, lead acid batteries are now rarely used in emergency lighting.

 A twinspot emergency light fitting. Till recently, most of these used sealed lead acid batteries, but other chemistries are now being used.

    A central battery system. Note the lead acid batteries on the bottom three shelves.

• Nickel cadmium (NiCd). Cadmium is highly toxic and is one of only 6 substances banned by the EU’s RoHS Directive. However, an exemption is in place for batteries in emergency lighting because till recently there have been few suitable alternatives. NiCd batteries are widely used in stand-alone emergency lighting fixtures and in emergency conversion kits.

A stand-alone emergency exit sign. Most of these use nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries, located inside the fitting.

Examples of NiCd batteries, as would be used in a conversion kit, used to turn a standard light fitting into an emergency light fitting. Each battery in these examples consists of 2, 3 or 4 cells.

• Nickel metal hydride (NiMH). These batteries are widely used in place of NiCd in emergency conversion kits where they have some (slight) advantages in some applications

A NiMH battery consisting, in this example, of 5 cells. Visually, the main difference is that NiMH cells are slimmer than NiCd cells.

• Lithium. There are many types of lithium battery and they are becoming more widely used for emergency lighting. They have many advantages over lead acid, NiCd and NiMH so their use is increasing rapidly.

Are lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries suitable for emergency lighting?  

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, or LFP) are very well suited for use in emergency lighting. When compared with alternatives such as nickel cadmium (NiCd) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have several advantages:

• Energy efficiency. LFP is more efficient than NiCd in two ways.
• Self discharge. All rechargeable batteries lose charge over time, but with LFP the rate is only 3-5% per month. NiCd can lose 15% in the first 24 hours, falling to 10-20% per month (depending on temperature) after that. The result of this is that the charger in an emergency fitting with NiCd or NiMH batteries is working almost continually, whereas the charger in an LFP circuit is working at low current in short and infrequent bursts.
• Charge efficiency. Energy is lost in the form of heat during the charging process of any battery. With LFP the charge efficiency is very high, about 95%. With NiCd the charge efficiency is also very high, but only in the earlier stages of charging. Once the battery reaches 70% capacity heat starts to be generated and the charging efficiency falls to c 85%. This is significant because in normal use a NiCd battery in an emergency light fitting is being continually trickle-charged to keep it at near 100% capacity.
• Long life.
• LFP batteries have little memory effect so their performance remains almost constant till they reach end of life, usually defined as 70% of rated capacity. Typically, an LFP battery will have a life of 8-10 years.
• The performance (power storage) of NiCd and NiMH declines rapidly with every charge/discharge cycle, so they typically need to be changed after 3 or 4 years. The routine testing of emergency lighting required by BS contributes to shortening the life of NiCd batteries. It is also common for NiCd batteries in new-build projects to fail in their first year of life if they have been fully installed in the construction phase when the mains power would normally be switched off completely overnight. The resulting nightly discharge and daily re-charge degrades the NiCd batteries to the point that they can be due for replacement withing the first year of occupation.
• Extreme temperature performance.
• High temperatures. LFP is unharmed by ambient temperatures up to 60ºC, whereas NiCd and NiMH can only tolerate 55ºC and 50ºC respectively.
• Low temperatures, LFP performs well down to -20ºC, but NiCd and NiMH will not deliver the charge needed to run emergency lighting below 0º
• Environment. Cadmium is banned under the RoHS Directive because it is a dangerous pollutant.
• Cadmium is highly toxic. Cadmium is highly toxic to almost all animals and many plants. It is also very persistent in the environment, being not easily combined with other elements that would render it harmless. NiCd batteries therefore have to be recycled with great care. LFP batteries must also be recycled, but the materials used are inherently less harmful than those used in NiCd and NiMH batteries.
• Cadmium has a limited future use. Now that superior alternatives to cadmium are available for use in batteries it is to be expected that the RoHS directive will be amended to eliminate the exemption that has been allowed till now ().
• Lithium has a long future ahead. Lithium iron phosphate in particular is favoured for its safety, economy and efficiency and is being increasingly used in many applications, such as vehicles, in addition to emergency lighting.

LiFePO4 or LiFePO₄ - what’s the difference?

 LiFePO₄ is the correct chemical formula for lithium iron phosphate. The small ₄ indicates that there are 4 oxygen atoms (O) bound to one phosphorous atom (P). However, the small ₄ is hard to find on most keyboards, so when searching most people write LiFePO4. In this article we are using LiFePO4 because that’s most probably what you typed if you were searching in Google, but please be informed, LiFePO₄ is correct.

What are the costs of using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in emergency lighting?

Lithium iron phosphate is very cost effective as the power source in emergency lighting when compared with alternatives such as NiCd. This applies to its acquisition costs, running costs and maintenance costs.

• Acquisition costs. Over 4+ years the acquisition costs of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries for emergency lighting are lower than the cost of NiCd batteries. Compared on the basis of capacity (Ah), LFP batteries are more expensive than NiCd. However, because the performance of NiCd batteries declines relatively steeply through their life, more of them are required to deliver the expected 3 hours duration after 4 years use. Further, LFP batteries can be expected to last about twice as long as their NiCd equivalents, so over a period of 4 or more years the acquisition costs of LFP are lower than NiCd.

• Running costs. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are the most economical batteries to run for emergency lighting. This is because the main alternative, NiCd batteries, have a high self-discharge rate (c. 20% per month) so have to be constantly charged in order to be ready in case of a power cut. In contrast, the much lower self-discharge rate for LFP means that the charger is only used in short bursts once in every one or two months. Based on tests performed using a commercially available emergency bulkhead fitting (pictured) with NiCd and LFP batteries the following power consumption data was recorded:

LED emergency bulkhead used to compare power consumption of NiCd and LFP batteries.

In summary, the power savings that result from using LFP rather than NiCd in popular emergency light fittings are >40%.

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In financial terms, assuming an electricity price of £0.145 per kWh, the annual saving per emergency light fitting is £2.25.

• Maintenance costs. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) has lower maintenance costs than the alternatives such as NiCd. This is because the design life of the NiCd batteries used in emergency lighting is typically just 4 years. The expected life of the comparable LFP batteries is 8-10 years, so the maintenance costs are only 50% or less than those of NiCd.

An emergency light is a device that is used to provide illumination in the event of a power outage or other emergency situation. These lights are typically powered by a battery and are designed to automatically turn on when the power goes out. Emergency lights are often found in public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, as well as in commercial and residential buildings. They are an important safety feature that can help people evacuate a building safely during an emergency.

What is Emergency Lights Lithium Battery?

Lithium batteries are commonly used in emergency lighting systems because they have a high energy density and can provide a reliable power source for extended periods of time. An emergency light lithium battery is a type of battery designed specifically for use in emergency lighting systems.  These batteries are typically rechargeable and can last for several years before they need to be replaced. It is important to make sure that the battery is properly maintained and charged in order to ensure that it will work properly in an emergency situation.

Why Choose Lithium Battery For Emergency Lights?

1. Lithium batteries are lightweight and compact, making them easy to install and transport
2. Lithium batteries have a long shelf life and can hold their charge for a long time, ensuring they are ready to use in an emergency situation.
3. Lithium batteries are reliable and have a low self-discharge rate, meaning they will retain their charge even when not in use.
4. Lithium batteries are environmentally friendly and can be disposed of safely, without causing harm to the environment.
5. Lithium batteries are rechargeable, allowing for a cost-effective and sustainable solution for emergency lighting systems.
6. Lithium batteries are equipped with safety features, such as overcharge and overdischarge protection, to prevent damage and ensure their reliability and longevity.

Cautions of Emergency Light

1. Emergency lights should be tested regularly to ensure they are working properly.
2. Emergency lights should be located in a convenient and easily accessible location, so that they can be used quickly in an emergency situation.
3. Emergency lights should be positioned at a height that is easily visible to people in the area.
4. Emergency lights should be placed in a location where they will not be obstructed by objects or people.
5. Emergency lights should be powered by reliable and long-lasting batteries, such as lithium batteries, to ensure they are ready to use in an emergency situation.
6. Emergency lights should be replaced or repaired if they are damaged or not functioning properly.
7. Emergency lights should be used in accordance with local building codes and regulations.
8. Emergency lights should be used in conjunction with other emergency safety measures, such as fire extinguishers and emergency exits, to ensure the safety of people in the area.

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